1a

Rotily M, Weilandt C, Bird SM, Käll K, van Haastrecht HJA, Iandolo E, Rousseau S. Surveillance of HIV infection and related risk behaviour in European prisons – a multicentre pilot study. Eur J Public Health. 2001 Sep;11(3):243-50.

1b

Weilandt C, Rotily M. European Network on HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis Prevention in Prisons - 2nd Annual Report. Marseille/Bonn, ORS/Wiad, 1998.

2

EMCDDA. The state of the drugs problem in the acceding and candidate countries to the European Union. EMCDDA 2003.

3

Data provided by the European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS (EuroHIV) (2004).

1

Eurotox, Brussels (unpublished data).

2

Raes V., Medische registratie druggerelateerde infectieuze aandoeningen 2002 en 2003. De Sleutel, Merelbeke.

2a

Raes V. De Sleutel, Dienst Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek. Jaarverslag 1999. Merelbeke, July 2000.

2b

De Sleutel. Jaarverslag 1999. Merelbeke, July 2000; Jaarverslag 2000; Jaarverslag 2001. Medische registratie, gegevensverwerking 2000; Medische registratie, gegevensverwerking 2001

3

Vandenbussche, E., (2001), Vlaamse Registratie Middelengebruik (VRM): registratiegegevens 1999, VAD, Brussel.

6

Data from prison Lantin (French Community), 1999. Service de santé de l'Administration des établissements pénitentiaires, Brussels (unpublished data).

7

Data from 1 prison in the Flemish Community. Service de santé de l'administration des établissements pénitentaires, Brussels (unpublished data).

8

Matheï C. Free Clinic, Van Arteveldestraat 64, Antwerp, Belgium, Antwerp (unpublished data).

10a

Denis B, Hayani A, Jamoulle M et al. Toxicomanie et virus de l'hépatite C, B et HIV. Bulletin de la Société Clinique de l'Hopital Civil de Charleroi, 1993 (44) :209-213.

10b

Denis B., Dedobbeleer M, Collet T et all. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Belgian intravenous drug users and potential role of the Cotton-filter in transmission. Acta Gastro-Enterologica Bélgica, Vol LXIII, April-June 2000.

13

Todts S. Risicogedrag bij injecterende druggebruikers in Vlaanderen. GiG project, VAD and Free Clinic, 1997

1a

National Institute of Public Health, National Reference laboratory on AIDS, Prague, (unpublished data).

1b

National Reference Laboratory for AIDS, Bulletin of Centre of Epidemilogy and Microbiology vol. 11 (2002) no. 1-12 (Národní refenční laboratoř pro AIDS, Zprávy Centra Epidemiologie a Mikrobiologie volume 11 (2002), no. 1-12)

3

General Directory of Prison Service, Prague, unpublished data

4

National Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2004d) Results of the First Part of “HCV Seroprevalence Study Among Injecting Drug Users”. Notes: unpublished

5

Mravčík, V., Zábranský, T., Korčišová, B., Lejčková, P., Škrdlantová, E., Šťastná, L., Macek, V., Petroš, O., Gajdošíková, H., Miovský, M., Kalina, K. and Vopravil, J. (2003) Annual Report: Drug Situation – The Czech Republic 2002. Prague: Office of the Government of the Czech Republic.

7

Brůčková, M., Malý, M., Vandasová, J. and Rychtařík, J. (2004) Trendy výskytu a šíření HIV/AIDS v ČR v roce 2003. SZÚ Praha Notes: 13, únor 2004 - č.2

1a

P.B. Christensen, H.B. Krarup, H.G.M. Niesters, H. Norder and J. Georgsen: Prevalence and incidence of bloodborne viral infections among Danish prisoners. Eur J Epidemiol 2000; 16: 1043-1049.

1b

P.B. Christensen, H.B. Krarup, H.G.M. Niesters, H. Norder O.B. Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, B. Jeune and J. Georgsen: Outbreak of Hepatitis B among Injecting Drug Users in Denmark. J Clin Virol 2001; 22: 133-141

1c

P. B. Christensen, R. E. Engle, S.E.H. Jacobsen, H.B. Krarup, G. Georgsen and R.H. Purcell: High Prevalence Of Hepatitis A Antibodies among Danish Prisoners and Drug Users. J Med. Virol 2002; 66: 49 - 55

2

Fuglsang T, Fouchard JR, Ege PP. Prevalence of hiv, hepatitis C and B among drug users in the city of Copenhagen. Ugeskrift for Læger 2000; 162: 3860 – 4.

5

Susan Cowan, Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, 2003. (unpublished data).

1

IFT Institut for Therapy Research. EBIS-Report National Monitoring System for outpatient advisory and treatment facilities in Germany. Reference period 1.1. - 31.12.1999 IFT: Munich, Germany, no date.

2

Jugendberatung und Jugendhilfe (e.V.), Frankfurt,1998 (unpublished data).

3

Simon R, (DBDD) and Welsch K. (IFT) (2002) EBIS - Report of the National Monitoring System for outpatient advisory and treatment faciltities. Sucht, Sonderhaft.

4

Backmund, M., Meyer, K. & von Zielonka, M. (2001). Prävalenzdaten zu Hepatitis B und C bei Drogenabhängigen in München. Suchtmedizin, 3 (1), 21-24.

5

Holbach, M., Frösner, G., Donnerbauer, E., Dittmeier, E. & Holbach, B (1998). Prävalenz von Hepatitismarkern der Typen A, B, C und assoziiertes Risikoverhalten unter Patienten nach intravenösem Drogenkonsum. Sucht, 44 (6), 390-398.

6

Brack J. Hepatitis B and C in drug dependent patients: an epidemiological study. Suchttherapie Suppl. 2002; 3: S3-S10.11.

7

Stark K, Herrmann U, Ehrhardt S, Bienzle U. Provision of syringes for injecting drug users in prison. Results of a three year programme in Berlin. (submitted).

8a

see all countries 1a

8b

see all countries 1b

9

Keppler K., Stover H. Ubertragungen von Infectionskrankheiten im Justizvolluzug – Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung und Vorstellung eines Modell projektes zur Infektions-Prophylaxe in Niedersachsen. (Transmission of infectious diseases during imprisonment – results of a study and introduction of a model project for infection prevention in Lower Saxony). Gesundheitswesen 1999.

10

Stark K. Schreier E., Muller R., Wirth D., Driesel G., Bienzle U. Prevalence and determinants of anti-HCV seropositivity and of HIV genotype among intravenous drug users in Berlin. Scand J Infect Dis 1995;(4):331-337.

11

Stark K., Bienzle U., Vonk R., Guggenmoos-Holzmann I. History of syringe sharing in prison and risk of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infectious among injecting drug users in Berlin. Int J Epidemiol 1997; 26: 1359-1366

12

Weber B., Rabenau H., Berger A, et al. Seroprevalence of HCV, HAV, HBV, HDV, HCMC and HIV in Hight risk groups / Frankfurt a. M., Germany. Zbl Bakt 1995; 282: 102-112.

13

Trubner K, Polywka S, Puschel K, Laufs R. Hepatitis C in deceased drug addicts. Int J Legal Med. 1991;104(5):251-4.

14

Neifer S, Molz B, Sucker U, Kreuzpaintner E, Weinberger K, Jilg W. [High percentage of isolated anti-HBc-positive persons among prisoners] Gesundheitswesen. 1997 Jun;59(6):409-12. German.

15

Gaube J, Feucht HH, Laufs R, Polywka S, Fingscheidt E, Muller HE. [Hepatitis A, B and C as desmoteric infections] Gesundheitswesen. 1993 May;55(5):246-9. German.

16

Stark K, Muller R, Bienzle U, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I. Frontloading: a risk factor for HIV and hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users in Berlin. AIDS. 1996 Mar;10(3):311-7.

17

BKA (Federal Office of Criminology), 2000 (unpublished data)

18

Heinemann A, Püschel K. Drogenkonsum und Infektionen im Strafvollzug. In: Drogen in der Metropole, Hg: Krausz, Raschke, Lambertus 1999; Freiburg.

1

Kutsar K, Health Protection Inspectorate, Tallinn.

2

See all countries 2

3

Priimägi. L. & Tefanova. V., Tallo. T. (2003) "Emerging viral hepatitis B and C infections in Estonia" In.: NATO Advanced Research Workshop "Emerging Biological Threat", October 5-8, 2003, Budapest, Hungary. Abstract book, p.11-12. Oral report October 6, 2003.

1

Greek REITOX Focal Point (EKTEPN), University Mental Health Research Institute (UMHRI).

2

Therapy Center for Dependent Individuals (KETHEA)

3

Hellenic Centre for Infectious Diseases Control (HCIDC - KEEL), Ministry of Health and Welfare.

5

Organisation Against Drugs (OKANA). Methadone Substitution Programme – Salonica Units

6

National School of Public Health – Reference Center of AIDS, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Athens.

7

Organisation Against Drugs (OKANA) Methadone Substitution Programme – Athens Units.

8

Diagnostic and Reference Laboratory of STDs and AIDS - "A.Sygros" Hospital.

9

“18 ANO” Drug and Alcohol Dependence Treatment Unit - Attica State Psychiatric Hospital

10

Mr. Papadourakis - Ministry of Justice

12

Malliori, M., Sypsa, V. Psichogiou, M., Touloumi, G., Skoutelis, A., Tassopoulos, N., Hatzakis, A. & Stefanis, C. A survey of Bloodborne Viruses and Associate Risk Behaviours in Greek Prisons. Addiction (1998), 93(2), 243-245.

13

Anastassopoulou CG, Paraskevis D, Sypsa V, Psichogiou M, Katsoulidou A, Tassopoulos N, Skoutelis A, Malliori M, Hatzakis A. Prevalence patterns and genotypes of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus among imprisoned intravenous drug users. J Med Virol. 1998; 56: 246-52.

14

Pavlitou, K., Polidorou, F., Pastore, F., Kabilaki, E., Chrisohoidou, S., Malaka, E. Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C markers in prisoners. Acta Microbiologica Hellenica 1998; 43: 271-275.

15

Papatheodoridis GV, Delladetsima J, Verghisi-Nikolakaki S, Malliori M, Krystallis A, Hatzakis A, Tassopoulos NC. Clinicopathological assessment of hepatitis C virus infection in parenteral drug abusers. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995; 90: 1843-6.

1

Delegación del Gobierno para Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas (DGPNSD) Observatorio Español sobre Drogas (unpublished data).

2

Delegación del Gobierno para Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas (DGPNSD) Observatorio Español sobre Drogas. Informe no 1. Ministerio de Justicia e Interior, Madrid, 1998

3

Delegación del Gobierno para Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas (DGPNSD) Encuesta sobre Consumidores de Heroina en Tratamiento (ECHT). 1996 Report. DGPNSD, Madrid, 1997 (Polycopy).

4a

see all countries 1a

4b

see all countries 1b

5

Alfonso GR, Hurtado NI, Espacio CA, Santos RG, Tomas DS. Practicas de riesgo y seroprevalencia al VIH, VHB u VHC en los pacients Del Centro de Informacion y Prevencion del SIDA de Valencia. (Risk behaviours and seroprevalence to HIV, HBV and HCV in patients of the AIDS information and prevention center in Valencia, Spain). Gac Sanit 1999;13 (1): 16-21.

7

Delgado-Iribarren A, Wilhelmi I, Padilla B. Canedo T. Gómez J. Elviro J. Infeccion por VIH y por los vírus de la hepatitis B,C y D en adictos a drogas por via parenteral. Seroprevalencia de un ano y su seguimiento. (Infection by HIV and the hepatitis B, C and D viruses in intravenous drug addicts. Seroprevalence at 1 year and its follow-up). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1993; 11 (1):8-13.

8

Delgado-Iribarren A, Calvo M Perez A, Del Álamo M, Cercenado S. Intravenous drug user serologic control: what may be prevented? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2000: 18(1): 2-5.

9

Pallas JR, Farinas-Alvarez C, Prieto D, Delgado-Rodriguez M. Coinfections by HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C in imprisoned injecting drug users. Eur J Epidemiol 1999; 15(8):699-704.

10

Hernandez_Aguado I, Bolumar F et al. False-positive tests for syphilis associated with human immunodeficiency vírus and hepatitis B vírus infection among intravenous drug abusers. Valencian Study Group on HIV Epidemiology. Eur J Clin Microbial Infect Dis 1998; 17(11):784-787.

11

Bolumar F, I Hernandez Aguado, L Ferrer, I Ruiz, MJ Avino and M Rebagliato. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C in a population of intravenous drug users in Valencia, Spain, 1990-1992. International Journal of Epidemiology 1996, Vol 25, 204-209.

12

Santana OE, Malé ML, Hernandez JF,Limiñana JMMartín AM. Prevalence of serologic markers of HBV, HDV, HCV and HIV non-injectors drug users compared to injection drug users in Gran Canária, Spain. European Journal of Epidemiology 1998; 14:555-561

13

De la Fuente L. Estudio sobre el cambio de vía de administración de la heroína en tres ciudades españolas (Madrid, Barcelona y Sevilla), unpublished data.

14

Alfonso R, Hurtado I, Espacio A, Santos C, Tomás S. Prácticas de riesgo y seroprevalencia al HIV, VHB e VHC en los pacientes Del Centro de Información y Prevención del SIDA de Valencia. Gaceta Sanitária 1999; 13(1):16-21.

15

Jiménez X, Caraballo A, Batalla C, Comín E, Cuenca AM, Ezpeleta A, López E, Parellada N. Prevalência de la infecctió por los vírus de la hepatitis B, C e inmudeficiencia humana en usuarios de drogas. Atencíón Primaria 1999; 24:368-371

17

Anon. (1998) Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection at the time of entry to prison in the prison population in the north-east of Spain [in Spanish]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 72: 43-51.

18

Rev Sandid Hig Publica (Madr) 1992; 66: 233-237

19

Ibanez A, Gimenez-Barcons M, Tajahuerce A, Tural C, Sirera G, Clotet B, Sanchez-Tapias JM, Rodes J, Martinez MA, Saiz JC. Prevalence and genotypes of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) and hepatitis C virus among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: evidence of GBV-C/HGV sexual transmission. J Med Virol. 1998; 55: 293-9

20

Munoz-Perez MA, Rodriguez-Pichardo A, Camacho F, Colmenero MA. Hepatitis C virus infection in a cohort of 1161 HIV-infected patients. Int J STD. AIDS. 1999 Jan;10(1):69-70.

22

Pallas J, Farinas-Alvarez C, Prieto D, Llorca J, Delgado-Rodriguez M. Risk factors for monoinfections and coinfections with HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in northern Spanish prisoners. Epidemiol Infect. 1999 Aug;123(1):95-102.

23a

Bolao F, Sanvisens A, Egea JM, Shaw1 E, Navio M, Muga R. HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus infections among recent injecting drug users in Spain. XIVth International Conference on AIDS, Barcelona, 7-12 July 2002. Abstract MoPeC3380.

23b

CEESCAT. Integrated HIV/AIDS Surveillance System of Catalonia. Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona 2002.

25

Almeda J, Blanch C, Casabona J, Casado MJ, Esteve A, Muntada E, et al. Integrated HIV/AIDS Epidemiological Surveillance System Annual Report 1999. Barcelona: Centre d’Estudis Epidemiologics sobre la Sida de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Sanitat I Seguretat Social, 2000. Technical document No. 12.

26

Barrasa A, del Romero J, Pueyo I, de Armas C, Varela JA, Ureña JM, Bru JF, Ordoñana JR, Sáez de Vicuña LM, Castilla J and the EPI-VIH Group. Sentinel surveillance of HIV infection in testing clinics, Spain, 1992-2002. Eurosurveillance 2004 (in press).

27

Infección por VIH y SIDA en España Plan Multisectorial. 2001-2005 Indicadores. Noviembre 2001.

28

Instituto de Salud ‘Carlos III’. Proyecto EPI-VIH. Resultados del período 2000-2001. Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Secretaría del Plan Nacional sobre Sida. http: cne.isciii.es

29

Bassani S, Toro C, De la Fuente L, Brugal MT, Jiménez V, Soriano V. Tasa de infección por infecciones de transmisión sanguínea in consumidores de heroína activos en 3 ciudades españolas. Medicina Clínica 2004; 122: 570-572.

30

Esteban J, Gimeno C, Aragonés A, Barril J, Pellín MC. Prevalencia de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y hepatitis C en una cohorte de pacientes en tratamiento con metadona. Medicina Clínica 2003; 120: 765-777.

31

Hernández-Agudado I, Ramos-Rincón JM, Avinio MJ et al. Measures to reduce HIV infection have not been successful to reduce the prevalence of HCV in intravenous drug users. European Journal of Epidemiology 2001; 17:539-544.

32

Navarro-Cañadas C, Bachiller P, Palacios T, Ruiz P, Herrero M, Sánchez I. Características diferenciales sanitarias y toxicológicas de drogodependientes en tratamiento y consumo activo. Atención Primaria 2003; 32:323-327.

1

DREES (Direction de la recherhe, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques). (unpublished data).

3a

Emmanuelli J, Lert F, Valenciano M, Caractéristiques sociales, consommation et risques chez les usagers de drogues fréquentant les programmes d'échange de seringues en France, Bulletin Epidémilogique Hebdomadaire n° 13/2000.

3b

Valenciano M, Emmanuelli J, Lert F. Unsafe injecting practices among attendees of syringe exchange programs in France, Addiction 2001 96: 597-606.

4a

Bello PY., Toufik A, et al. (2002). Phénomènes émergents liés aux drogues en 2001. Rapport TREND. Juin 2002. Paris, OFDT.

4b

Bello PY. Observatoire Français des Drogues et des Toxicomanies (OFDT) (12 city study- unpublished data)

5a

see all countries 1a

5b

see all countries 1b

6

Hedouin V, Gosset D. Infection par les virus de l´hepatite C en milieu carceral. Etude prospective realisee a Loos-lez-Lille. (Infection with hepatitis C virus in a prison environment. A prospective study in Loos-lez-Lille, France). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1998; 22(1):55-58.

7

Lucidarme D, Foutrein P, Creusy C, et al. Prevalence des marqueurs des hepatites C, B and D et aspects histopathologiques dans un group des toxicomanes intraveineux. (Prevalence of hepatitis C, B and D markers and histophatological aspects in a group of intravenous drug addicts). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1994; 18(11):964-968.

8

Vernay-Vaisse C, Rotily M, Rousseau S, Bourlières M, Galinier-Pujol A, Obadia Y. epidémiology des hépatites virales B et C au Centre Pénitentiaire de Marseille ; évaulation d´un programme de dépistage et de vaccination contre l´hépatite B. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publ 1997 ; (45 suppl.1) : S42-S43

9

Saillour F, Dabis F, Dupon M, Lacoste D, Trimoulet P, Rispal P, Monlun E, Ragnaud JM, Morlat P, Pellegrin JL, Fleury H, Couzigou P. Prevalence and determinants of antibodies to hepatitis C virus and markers for hepatitis B virus infection in patients with HIV infection in Aquitaine. Groupe d’Epidemiologie Clinique du SIDA en Aquitaine. British Medical Journal 313: 461–4.

10

An Med Interna 1994 ; 145 : 7-12.

12

Six C, Hamers F, Brunet JB. Infections à VIH et VIC et mortalité chez les résidents des centres de soins spécialisés pour toxicomanes avec hébergement. Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire 1997; 16 : 67-68.

13

Bello PY, Pasquier C, Gourney P. Prévalence de la contamination par le VIH et le virus de l’hépatite C et identification de facteurs de risques associés chez des usagers de drogue de Toulouse. Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire 1998; 20: 81-83.

14

Chevallier E (2001). Estimations locales de la prévalence de l'usage d'opiacés et cocaïne en France. Une étude multicentrique à Lens, Lille, Marseille, Nice et Toulouse. Février 2001. Paris, OFDT, 112 pages

16

Emmanuelli J, Jauffret-Roustide M. Etude multicentrique multisites sur les fréquences et les déterminants des pratiques à risque de transmission des VIH et VHC chez les usagers de drogues (étude Coquelicot): phase de faisabilité, janvier 2001-septembre 2002. Saint-Maurice : Institut de Veille Sanitaire, 2003.

17

Guichard A, Lert F, Calderon C, et al. Illicit drug use and injection practices among drug users on methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment in France. Addiction 2003, 98:1585-1597.

1

Smyth, B., Keenan, E., O’Connor, JJ. (1998) Bloodborne viral infection in Irish injecting drug users. Addiction, 93 (11), 1649-56.

2

Long, J., Allwright, S., Barry, J., Reaper-Reynolds, S., Thornton, L., Bradley, F., et al. (2001) Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV antibodies prevalence and risk factors in entrants to Irish prisons: a national survey. British Medical Journal; 323, 1209-13.

3

Long J, Allwright S, Barry J, et al. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV in Irish prisoners, part II: prevalence and risk in committal prisoners 1999. Dublin: Trinity College, Department of Community Health and General Practice, 2000.

4

Allwright, S., Bradley, F., Long, J., Barry, J., Thornton, L., Parry, JV. (2000) Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV and risk factors in Irish prisoners: results of a national cross sectional survey. British Medical Journal, 321, 78-82.

7

Smyth, B., Keenan, E., O'Connor, JJ. (1999) Evaluation of the impact of Dublin's expanded harm reduction programme on prevalence of hepatitis C among short-term injecting drug users. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 53, 434-5.

8

Allwright S, Barry J, Bradley F, Long J, Thornton L. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV in Irish prisoners: prevalence and risk. Dublin: Trinity College, Department of Community Health and General Practice, 1999.

9

Dorman, A., Keenan, E., Schutter, C., Merry, J., O'Connor, JJ. (1997) HIV risk behaviour in Irish intravenous drug users. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 166 (4), 235-8.

11

Johnson, Z., O'Connor, M., Pomeroy, L., Johnson, H., Barry, J., Scully, M., Fitzpatrick, E. (1994) Prevalence of HIV and associated risk behaviour in attendees at a Dublin needle exchange. Addiction 89 (5), 603-7.

12

Smyth, R., Keenan, E., Dorman, A., O'Connor, JJ. (1995) Hepatitis C infection among injecting drug users attending the National Drug Treatment Centre. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 164 (6) 267-268.

1a

Rilevazione Attività nel Settore Tossicodipendenze - Anno 2000, Ministero della Salute, Sistema Informativo Sanitario, Direzione Generale della Prevenzione, Ufficio Dipendenze da Farmaci e Sostanze d'Abuso e AIDS.

1b

Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali, Dipartimento per le Politiche Sociali e Prevedenziali. Relazione Annuale al Parlamento sullo Stato delle Tossicodipendenze in Italia 2002.

1c

Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali, Dipartimento per le Politiche Sociali e Previdenziali. Relazione Annuale al Parlamento sullo Stato delle Tossicodipendenze in Italia 2003.

2

National STD clinic data. National Insitute of Health (ISS) (unpublished data).

3

Vedette study - IDUs entering drug treatment. (unpublished data).

7a

see all countries 1a

7b

see all countries 1b

8

Coppola RC, Masia G, di Martino ML et al. Sexual behaviour and multiple infections in drug abusers. Eur J Epidemiol 1996; 12(5): 429-435.

9

Rezza G, Sagliocca L, Zaccarelli M, Nespoli M, Siconolfi M, Baldassarre C. Incidence rate and risk factors for HCV seroconversion among injecting drug users in an area whit low HIV seroprevalence. Scand J Infect Dis 1996; 28(1): 27-29.

10

Galeazzi B, Tufano A, Barbierato E, Bortolotti F. Hepatitis C vírus infection in Italian intravenous drug users: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Liver 1995; 15(4): 209-212.

11

Gabrielli C, Zannini A, Corradini R, Gafa S. Spread of hepatitis C virus among sexual partners of HCVAb positive intravenous drug users. J Infect 1994;29 (1):17-22.

12

Coppola RC, Manconi PE, Piro R, di Martino ML, Masia G. HCV, HIV, HBV and VDV infections in intravenous drug addicts. Eur J Epidemiol 1994; 10(3): 279-283.

13

Tanzi ML, Zoni R, Bracchi U, Bombarda G, Volpicelli A, Bellelli E, Anticorpi verso componenti strutturali e non strutturali dell´HCV in tossicodipendenti e. (Antibodies against the structural and nonstructural and components of HCV in i.v. drug abusers). V Ann Ig 1994 ; 6(1) :13-17.

15

De Mercato R, Cantiello JP, Celentano U et al. Hepatitis C virus in prisoners. Minerva Med 1995;86:89-91.

16

Guadagnino V, Zimatore G, Izzi A et al. Revelance of intravenous cocaine use in relation to prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C virus markers among intravenous drug abusers in southern Italy. J Clin Laboratory Immunol 1995:47 (1): 1-9.

17

Patti AM, Santi AL, Pompa MG et al. Viral hepatitis and drugs: a continuing problem. Int J Epidemiol 1993; 22:135-139.

24

Lanciani P, Taborchi M, Ceralli F. Viral infections in a sample of intravenous drug abuser prisoners. Panminerva Med. 1992;34:185-6.

1

Sarmite S. Narcology Centre, Riga. (unpublished data)

2

See all countries 2

4

AIDS Prevention Centre, Riga.

5

See all countries 3

6

Selakova L, Upmace I, Dievberna I. Large fall in new HIV diagnoses in Latvia in 2002. Eurosurveillance Weekly 2003, 7/6 [http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2003/030206.asp (accessed 7 May 2004)]

7

Ferdats A, Upmace I, Dievberna I, Selakova L, Brokere I. Development of the response to HIV epidemic among injecting drug users in Latvia.3rd Baltic Region conference. Together against AIDS, Riga, September 2003 [ Abstract p.35]:

1

Griškevicius A. Lietuvos AIDS centras, Vilnius, Lithuania. (unpublished data)

2

See all countries 2

3

See all countries 3

1a

Origer A., Rapport national sur l'état de la situation du phénomène de la drogue - RELIS 2000, PFN, AST, Direction de la Santé, Luxembourg, 2000

1b

Réseau Luxembourgeois d'Information sur les Stupéfiants et les Toxicomanies (RELIS-LINDDA), Luxembourg (unpublished data).

1c

Origer A. (in press), Rapport national sur l'état de la situation du phénomène de la drogue - RELIS 2002, PFN, Centre de Recherche Public - Santé, Luxembourg.

2

Laboratorie de Retrovirologie – CRP-Santé, 1999 (unpublished data).

4

Schlink J., Etude épidémiologique des infections HIV et à l'hépatite virale C dans les prisons luxembourgeoises, CPL, Luxembourg, 2000.

1

Csohán Á. National Center for Epidemiology, Department for Epidemiology, Budapest. (personal comm.)

2

Ujhelyi E, et al. Sentinel surveillance of infectious diseases among IDUs in Hungary 1997-2003 (unpublished data)

4

Gyarmathy VA, Neaigus A, Feher B, et al. HIV prevalence and syringe sharing among young drug injectors in Budapest, Hungary. 14th International Conference on AIDS. Barcelona, July 2002 [Abstract MoPeC3407].

1

Beuker RJ, Berns MPH, Rozendaal CM van, Snijders BM, Ameijden EJC van, Houweling H and Laar MJW van de. Surveillance of HIV-infection among injecting drug users in The Netherlands: results Amsterdam 1998. [in Dutch] Report 441100011. Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM), Bilthoven, 2000.

2

Berns MPH, Snijders BM, Rozendaal CM van, Schat Y, Houweling H and Laar MJW van de. HIV-surveillance among injecting drug users in Arnhem 1997. [in Dutch] Report 441100008. Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM), Bilthoven, 1999.

3

Berns MPH, Snijders BM, Rozendaal CM van, Hoek AFM van, Laar MJW van de. Surveillance of HIV-infection among injecting drug users in The Netherlands: Eindhoven/Helmond/’s-Hertogenbosch 1999 [in Dutch]. RIVM Report no. 441100.012. Bilthoven, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, May 2000.

4

Berns MPH, Snijders B.M., Rozendaal C.M. van, Have J. van der, Houweling H., Laar M.J.W. van de. Surveillance of HIV-infection among injecting drug users in the Netherlands: Groningen 1997/1998 [in Dutch]. RIVM Report no. 441100.009. Bilthoven, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, September 1999.

5

Berns MPH, Rozendaal CM van, Toet J, Snijders BM and Houweling H. HIV-surveillance among injecting drug users in the Netherlands: survey Rotterdam 1997 [in Dutch] Report 441100007, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM), Bilthoven, 1998

6

Beuker RJ, Berns MPH, Rozendaal CM van, Snijders BM, Jansen M, Hoebe CJPA, Laar MJW van de. Surveillance of HIV infection among injecting drug users in the Netherlands: Heerlen/Maastricht 1998/1999 (in Dutch). RIVM Report no. 441100 014. Bilthoven, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, 2001.

7

Wiessing LG, Scheepens JMFA, van Rozendaal CM, Diepersloot FB, Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Sprenger MJW, Houweling H. Surveillance of HIV-infection among intravenous drug users in the Netherlands: Utrecht 1996 (in Dutch). RIVM Report no. 441100.004. Bilthoven, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, November 1996.

8

Haks K, Berns MPH, Snijders BM, Watzeels JCM, Regteren AJ van, Laar MJW van de. Surveillance of HIV infection among injecting drug users in the Netherlands: results Almelo/Enschede/-Hengelo 2000. RIVM Report 441100 016. Bilthoven: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, 2001.

9

Beuker RJ, Berns MPH, Watzeels JCM, Hendriks VM, Coster EJM de, Tonino-van der Marel E, Laar MJW van de. Surveillance of HIV infection among injecting drug users in the Netherlands: results The Hague 2000. RIVM Report 441100 015. Bilthoven: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, 2001.

10

Wiessing LG, Toet J, Houweling H, Koedijk PM, Akker R van den and Sprenger MJW. Prevalence and risk factors of HIV infection among drug users in Rotterdam. Report 213220001. Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM), Bilthoven, 1995.

11

Carsauw, HHC, Rozendaal CM van, Scheepens JMFA, Hoebe CJPA, Meulders WAJ, Jansen M, Dorigo-Zetsma JW and Houweling H. Infections with HIV, HBV and HCV among injecting drug users in Heerlen/Maastricht (in the Netherlands). [in Dutch] Report 441100006. Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM), Bilthoven, 1997.

12

Wiessing LG, Houweling H, van de Akker R, Katchaki JN, Servaas JHJ, van Rossum JMA. HIV infection and risk behaviour among drug users in Arnhem. [in Dutch] RIVM report nr. 528910003. Bilthoven, The Netherlands: National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), 1993.

13

Wiessing LG, van Rozendaal CM, Scheepens JMFA, Schat Y, Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Sprenger MJW, Houweling H. Surveillance of HIV-infection among intravenous drug users in the Netherlands; results Arnhem 1995 [in Dutch] RIVM report nr. 441100002 Bilthoven, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), 1996.

14a

Wiessing LG, Houweling H, Meulders WAJ, Cerdá E, Jansen M, van Loon AM, Sprenger MJW. Prevalence of HIV infections among drug users in Southern Netherlands. [In Dutch]. RIVM report nr. 214230001. Bilthoven, The Netherlands: National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), 1995.

14b

Wiessing LG, Houweling H, Meulders WAJ, Cerdá E, Jansen M, van Loon AM, Sprenger MJW. Prevalence of HIV infections among drug users in Southern Netherlands. [Prevalence of HIV infections among drug users in South Limburg] Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd 1995;139,1936-40.

15

Wiessing LG, van Rozendaal CM, Scheepens JMFA, Fennema JSA, Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Houweling H. HIV-surveillance among intravenous drug users and hard-drug users of Surinamese/Antillian origin in Amsterdam 1996 [in Dutch] RIVM report nr. 441100005. Bilthoven, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), 1997

16

Wiessing LG, Vondewinkel B, Houweling H, Spruit IP, van de Goor LAM. Surveillance of HIV infections among drug users: a pilot study in Deventer. [in Dutch] RIVM report nr. 441002001. Bilthoven, The Netherlands: National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), 1992

17

National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). (unpublished data from study ref. 10)

18

National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). (unpublished data from study ref. 12)

21

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven. (unpublished data).

1

Eigner R. Federal Ministry for Social Security and Generations, Special Register for Drug related Deaths (unpublished data).

1a

Birgit Langer, Federal Ministry for Health and Women, Special Register for Drug related Death, unpublished data.

2

Inpatient Treatment Center Lukasfeld, Vorarlberg (unpublished data).

3

Verein Wiener Sozialprojekte, low threshold facility Ganslwirt, Vienna (unpublished data).

4

Inpatient Treatment Center Anton Proksch Institut Mödling, Vienna (unpublished data).

5

Caritas Marienambulanz Graz (unpublished data)

1

Szata W. (2003) Aids i zakażenia HIV w roku 2001. Przegdąd Epidemiologiczny, nr 1-2/2003.

1a

Rosinska M. (2004) Aids i zakażenia HIV w roku 2002. Przegląd Epidemiologiczny, nr 1-2/2004

Szata W. (2003) Aids i zakażenia HIV w roku 2001. Przegląd Epidemiologiczny, nr 1-2/2003

Szata W. (2002) Aids i zakażenia HIV w roku 2000. Przegląd Epidemiologiczny, nr 1-2/2002

Szata W. (2001) Aids i zakażenia HIV w roku 1999. Przegląd Epidemiologiczny, nr 1-2/2001

Szata W. (2000) Aids i zakażenia HIV w roku 1998. Przegląd Epidemiologiczny, nr 1-2/2000

Szata W. (1999) Aids i zakażenia HIV w roku 1997. Przegląd Epidemiologiczny, nr 1-2/1999

Szata W. (1998) Aids i zakażenia HIV w roku 1996. Przegląd Epidemiologiczny, nr 1-2/1998

Szata W. (1997) Aids i zakażenia HIV w roku 1995. Przegląd Epidemiologiczny, nr 1-2/1997

2

Bielak, A. National Institute of Hygiene. Warszawa, Poland (unpublished data).

1

Centros de Atendimento a Toxicodependentes (CAT), Serviço de Prevenção e Tratamento da Toxicodependência (SPTT), Xabregas Lisbon, (unpublished data).

2

Monteiro Carvalho C. - Centros de Atendimento a Toxicodependentes (CAT), Serviço de Prevenção e Tratamento da Toxicodependência (SPTT), DR Centro Coimbra (unpublished data).

3

Centros de Atendimento a Toxicodependentes (CAT), Serviço de Prevenção e Tratamento da Toxicodependência (SPTT), DRN Norte Porto, (unpublished data).

4

Valle, H, Rodrigues L, Coutinho R, Leitao E and Paixao MT. HIV, HCV and HBV infection in a group of drug addicts from Lisbon. Seventh European Conference on Clinical Aspects and Treatment of HIV-Infection. Lisbon, 1999. [abstract 866].

6

Direcção Regional do Alentejo (unpublished data).

7

Direcção Regional de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo (CAT de Sintra) (unpublished data).

8

Viegas E. - Drug treatment Centre CAT Boavista– SPTT, Porto (unpublished data).

9

Marinho RT, Moura MC, Giria JA, Ferrinho P. Epidemiological aspects of hepatitis C in Portugal. J Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2001; 16: 1076-9.

10

Maia A. – SPTT . Lisboa. (unpublished data).

10a

IDT (2004). A Situação do País em Matéria de Droga e de Toxicodependência. Relatório Anual - 2003 (Vol. I). Lisboa: IDT.E2

11

Direcção Regional do Algarve do SPTT. Pina, António P.B. - Toxicodependentes em tratamento no Algarve - Revista Toxicodependências, Edição SPTT, Vol. 6, Nº 1, Ano 2000, pp.37-48.

15a

See all countries1a

15b

See all countries1b

16a

Félix da Costa N, Viana L, Correia J, “Dois Dias de Consultas de Toxicodependências em Portugal – resultados de 1994, Toxicodependências, 1, 3 - 20, 1996.

16b

Félix da Costa N, Correia J, Ferraz de Oliveira, F, “Tratamento da Toxicodependência – Estudo Sagital de 1995”, Toxicodependências, 3, 39 – 53, 1996.

16c

Félix da Costa N, Correia J, Freire S, “Tratamento da Toxicodependência – Estudo Sagital de 1996”, Toxicodependências, 3, 39 – 53, 1997.

16d

Félix da Costa N, “Toxicodependentes em Tratamento – Estudo Sagital de 1997”, 1, 35 – 48, 1999.

17a

Godinho J, Costa H, Padre-Santo D, Rato C, “Infecção pelo HIV, Hepatite C e Hepatite B. Dados Epidemiológicos, Características Sócio-Demográficas e Factores de Risco”, Toxicodependências, 3, 55 – 60, 1999. and Godinho J, 1999, op. cit.; CAT Coimbra, 2000, op. cit.; CAT Xabregas, 2000, op. cit.; CAT Taipas, 2000, op. cit.; CAT Cedofeita, 2000, op. cit. Godinho J, Costa H, Costa C, “Comportamentos de Risco de Doenças Infecciosas”, Toxicodependências, 3, 55 – 60, 1996.

17b

Godinho J, Costa H, Costa C, “Comportamentos de Risco de Doenças Infecciosas”, Toxicodependências, 3, 55 – 60, 1996.

18

Portuguese National Report to EMCDDA, IPDT 2000.

19

Padre-Santo D, Banza R, Silva A, Costa H, Godinho J, “Estudo Evolutivo do Programa de Substituição Opiácea no CAT de Setúbal”, Toxicodependências, 3, 61 – 68, 1999.

20

Silva E, “Experiência de Apoios a Toxicodependentes de Rua”, “Colectânea de textos das Taipas”, Vol XII, 90 – 97, 2000.

21

Viegas E, Viana L, “Estudo dos Doentes em Tratamento com Metadona no CAT da Boavista; Análise da Regularidade na Frequência à Consulta e Resultados dos Metabolitos Urinários”, Toxicodependências, 1, 49 – 60,

22

ODT/IDT (unpublished data).

1

Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana.

2

Klavs I, Poljak M. Unlinked anonymous monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus prevalence in high- and low-risk groups in Slovenia, 1993-2002. Croat Med J 2003, 44:545-549.

2

Okruhlica, L. Surveillance of Drug Related Infectious Diseases in IDUs Utilizing Drug Treatment. EMCDDA EU expert meeting on drug related infectious diseases, Lisbon 20-21 October 2003. Meeting Report. EMCDDA 2004.

4

Okruhlica, L., Centre for Treatment of Drug Dependencies. Bratislava.

3

Data provided by EuroHIV, 2004: [Office of Public Health of Slovak Republic, Bratislava]

6

Okruhlica, L., Klempova, D.: Incidence of HCV among the IDUs at the Centre for Treatment of Drug Dependencies in Bratislava in the period: 1997-2000. (unpublished data)

1a

Holmström P. National Public Health Institute (KTL) Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology (unpublished data).

1b

Liitsola. K., Ristola. M., Holmström. O., Salminen. M. O., Brummer-Korvenkontio. H., Simola, S., Suni, J. & Leinikki, P. 2000. An outbreak of the circulating recombinant form AECM240 HIV-1 in the Finnish IDU population. Aids. (Letter) 14:2613-2629.

2

Needle exchange data, National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES), Helsinki (unpublished data).

3

Ovaska A, Holopainen A and Annala T. Final Report on the activities in the health information service experiment on 4 April – 31 December 1997. Helsinki, Terveysneuvontapiste Vinkki, Helsinki, 1998.

4

National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES). Private practioner and heroin addicts: A case study on the impact of medical outpatient care on criminal activities. STAKES. Helsinki, 1998

6

Brummer Korvenkontio H. National Public Health Institute (KTL) Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology (unpublished data).

1

Kall, K., Thorstensson, R., Low HIV seroprevalence in spite of high-risk behaviour in nine Swedish prisons. 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, 1998. [abstract 23552].

2

Krook, A, Albert J, Andersson S, Biberfeld G, Blomberg J, Eklund I, Engstrom A, Julander I, Kall K, Martin C, Stendahl P, Struve J and Sonnerborg A. Prevalence and risk factors for HTLV-II infection in 913 injecting drug users in Stockholm, 1994. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology 1997; 15: 381-386

5a

See all countries1a

5b

See all countries1b

6

Mansson AS, Moestrup T, Nordenfelt E, Widdel A. Continued transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses, but no intravenous drug users participating in a syringe/needle exchange program. Scand J Infect Dis 2000;32 (3): 253-258.

7

See all countries3

2

Judd A, Stimson GV, Hickman M, Hunter GM, Jones S, Parry JV, Madden P. Prevalence of HIV infection in a multi-site sample of injecting drug users not in contact with treatment services in England. AIDS. 2000; 14: 2413-5.

3

Hope VD, Judd A, Hickman M, Lamagni T, Hunter G, Stimson GV, Jones S, Donovan L, Parry JV, Gill ON. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in current injecting drug users in England and Wales: is harm reduction working? Am J Public Health 2001; 91: 38-42.

4

Weild AR, Gill ON, Bennett D, Livingstone SJM, Parry JV, Curran L. Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C antibodies in prisoners in England and Wales: a national survey. Communicable Disease & Public Health 2000; 3: 121-6.

5

National Laboratory Surveillance of persons having a named HIV-antibody test in Scotland (denominator Study). Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health (SCIEH), Glasgow (unpublished data).

7

Judd A, Hunter GM, Maconochie N, Hickman M, Parry JV, Renton AM, Stimson GV. HIV prevalence and risk behaviour among female injecting drug users in London, 1990 to 1996. AIDS 1999, 13;833-837.

8

Taylor A, D Goldberg, S Hutchinson et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users in Glasgow 1990-1996: are current harm reduction strategies working? Journal of Infection 2000; 40: 176-183.

9

Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health, 2002. (unpublished data).

10

Lamden KH, Kennedy N, Beeching NJ, Lowe D, Morrison CL, Mallinson H, et al. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections: Risk Factors among drug users in the Northwest of England. J Infection 1998;37:260-269

11

Ramsay ME, Balogun MA, Collins M, Balraj V. Laboratory surveillance of hepatitis C virus infection in England and Wales : 1992 to 1996. Commun Dis Public Health 1998; 1: 89-94.

12

Edeh J, Spalding P. Screening for HIV, HBV and HCV markers among drug users in treatment in rural south-east England. J Public Health Med 2000; 22: 531-539.

14

McCruden EA, Hillan KJ, McKay IC, Cassidy MT, Clark JC. Hepatitis virus infection and liver disease in injecting drug users who died suddenly. J Clin Pathol 1996;49: 552-5.

15

Majid A, Holmes R, Desselberger U, Simmonds P, McKee TA. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection amongst intravenous drug users in rural communities. J Med Virol. 1995; 46:48-51.

16

Gore SM, Bird AG, Cameron SO, Hutchinson SJ, Burns SM, Goldberg DJ. Prevalence of hepatitis C in prisons: WASH-C surveillance

17

Kennedy N, Tong CY, Beeching NJ, Lamden K, Williams H, Mutton KJ, Hart CA. Hepatitis G virus infection in drug users in Liverpool. J Infect 1998; 37: 140-7.

18

Haw S, Higgins K. A comparison of the prevalence of HIV infection and injecting risk behaviour in urban and rural samples in Scotland. Addiction. 1998; 93: 855-63.

20

UK 20 Shooting Up: Infections among injecting drug users in the United Kingdom 2003. Health Protection Agency, SCIEH, National Public Health Service for Wales, CDSC Northern Ireland, CRDHB, and the UASSG.  London: Health Protection Agency, October 2004.  ISBN 0 901144 64 9. http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/injectingdrugusers/menu.htm

21

Data from 1999 community-wide survey unpublished

30

Judd A, Hickman M, Jones S, McDonald T, Parry JV, Stimson GV, Hall AJ.  Incidence of hepatitis C virus and HIV among new injecting drug users in London - prospective cohort study. BMJ 2005; 330: 24-25.

1

Tomov N. National Centre for Addictions.

1a

Bulgarian National REITOX Focal Point (2002), Annual Report on the State of Drug Related Problems in Bulagaria – 2001, National Drug Council, National Focal Point, 123 pages, April 2002, Sofia

1

see all countries 2

1

Konør H, MARIO – Methadone assisted rehabilitation in Oslo, unpublished data.

2

MSIS-rapport 2004; 32:51 . Norwegian Institute of Public Health 2004. (in Norwegian only)

2a

National Institute of Public Health (2001) Reference: Table 7.7 in Alcohol and Drugs in Norway, unpublished data.

2b

Steen T., Oslo Municipality, Oslo, unpublished data.

6

Melberg HO, Lauritzen G, Ravndal E. Hvilken nytte, for hvem og til hvilken kostnad? Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research (SIRUS), 2003. Report no. 4/2003.